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General discursion about Water purification Clean and safe drinking water is crucial for our health and happiness. However, with increasing pollution and contamination concerns, the need for potential water purification methods has become more urgent than ever. Here, I will analyze the significance of water purification, its impact on human health, and a number of methods used to achieve clean and safe drinking water. By understanding the importance of water purification, we can take measure to ensure availability of high-quality drinking water for ourselves and next generations. Pic: Water Purification System, Credit:freepik Table of Contents Why Water Purification is essential? What is Water Purification? Common Water Purification Methods Factors to Consider When Choosing a Water Purification System Ensuring Water Safety in Various Settings Conclusion Why Water Puri

What is Carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are bio-molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, generally with a hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 2:1. So, the simple formula is like Cm(H2O)n. Where, m is equal or not equal to n. For example glucose, C 6H 12O 6 or Cm(H2O)n, where, m=n=6. Carbohydrates are one of the three main macronutrients crucial for human body, like fats and proteins. They are major energy source and play a significant role in a number of physiological processes. Picture: Glucose-The simplest carbohydrates, Image by freepik. Table of Contents Types of Carbohydrate Function of carbohydrates Low carb-diet Carbohydrate Metabolism Types of Carbohydrate Types of Carbohydrate Carbohydrates are classified into different categories according to their chemical structure and nature of their digestion and absorption by the body. The main categories include: Monosaccha

DNA Replication DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. The process involves a series of steps that are carried out by a variety of enzymes and proteins. Table of Contents Steps in DNA replication DNA replication is Semi conservative? Significance of DNA Replication conclusion References Steps in DNA replication Pic: Steps In DNA Replication, photo Credit:pixabay.com Initiation: The process of DNA replication begins at specific sites on the DNA molecule called origins of replication. At these sites, the double helix is unwound by an enzyme called helicase, which creates a replication fork. Priming: The next step is the priming of the DNA strands. The enzyme primase synthesizes short RNA primers that provide a starting point for DNA synthesis. Elongation: Leading and Lagging strands: DNA polymerase s

What is Fat? Fat is one of the essential nutrients for the human body. 60% of the brain is made up of fat. This fat helps in body heat production, brain development, production of various hormones, absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and maintaining good health of skin and other organs. Basically, fat acts as an insulator to maintain proper body temperature. Fats are sometimes classified in two areas: healthyfat that means good fat and bad fat. In this article, I am going to discuss about healthy fat. Pic: a women aware about healthy fat, photo Credit; freepik. OutLine Of the article What is healthy fat? Some examples of healthy fats. Importance of consuming healthy fat In summary What is healthy fat? Healthy fats are essential nutrients that are important for overall health and well-being. They are a type of dietary fat that provides energy, support

Cell- The smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body: Robert Hooke (1635-1703) in 1665 made thin section of wood cork and observed them under a microscope. He found there numerous little boxes like bee hives. Then he remembered seeing such small rooms for the priests to stay in the monastery. From this, he named the cork’s little box as “cell”. The word cell is derived from the Latin word cellula, means little box. Pic: Cell, Photo Credit: freepik. Table of Contents Deffinition Characteristics Types Structure Function Deffinition Different scientist defined cell with different definitions. Some of them noted below According to Jean Bracket (1961), ‘Cell is the basic structural unit of an organism.’ According to Loewy and Siekevitz (1963), a cell is a unit of biological activi

What is Plasmid? A plasmid is a small double stranded circular DNA molecule found in bacteria andsome other microorganism. Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA, that means the are physically separate from chromosomal DNA. Replication of chromosome in unrelated to bacterial chromosome replication. Pic: Plasmid, Photo Credit: freepik. Plasmids are used in recombinant DNA technology as a carrier of target gene. In nature, plasmids frequently carry genes that aid in the survival of the organism and provide selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. Artificial plasmids are readily used as vectors in molecular cloning, aiding to operate the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. By the process of transformation, plasmid may be uptake by a bacterial cell . Now-a- days synthetic plasmids are also found commercially over the e-commerce market.

Recombinant DNA Technology in Short Discussion Separate a targeted gene from one organism and inserted it into another organism with a view to expressing disire characteristics in new organism is called genetic engineering.Which technology is used for performing genetic engineering is called recombinant DNA Technology. pic: Recombinant DNA technology Steps involves: Selection of target DNA. Selection of vector that carry a target DNA segment. Cleavage of plasmid with restriction Enzyme in targeted region Host selection for making copy of DNA. Expression evaluation

What is protein? Proteins are made up of amino acids, which act as the "building blocks" of cells. Proteins play many important roles in the body such as: Proteins do most of the work in cells and are essential for the structure, function and regulation of body tissues and organs. Protein is found in many foods such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, eggs, and dairy products. Picture: Photos of different protein enriched food and vegetables Table of Contents Importance of consumption of protein Sources Function for body formation and disease control Importance of consumption of protein. Protein is necessary for good health. Proteins do most of their work in the cell and perform a variety of functions. Proteins are made up of amino acids that are joined together to form long chains. There are 20 amino acids that help build thousands of different proteins in your body. Manufac

RNA in a brief: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer composed of ribonucleic acid polymers. Some virus’s genetic materials are only RNA. Part of ribonucleotide: Phosphate Ribonucleotide Ribose (Five- Carbon aldose monomer of carbohydrate) Nitrogenous Aromatic Alkaline Base Purine: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Inosine (I, Found in t-RNA) Pyrimidine: Uracil (U) Cytosine (C) Pic: RNA Types of RNA: m-RNA (messenger RNA) r-RNA (Ribosomal RNA) t-RNA (Transfer RNA) Messenger RNA (abbreviated mRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA, responsible for protein synthesis. mRNA is made from a DNA templat

Agarose gel electrophoresis? Gel electrophoresis is a procedure of separation and analysis of macromolecules ( DNA , RNA and proteins ) and their segments, based on their size and charge. It is used in clinical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology for separation of DNA, RNA or protein. Table of Contents What is agarose gel electrophoresis? Which reagents are needed for Agarose gel electrophoresis? Procedure of performing agrose gel electophoresis. Documentation of the DNA samples. Precautions needed to take during test Refarences: What is agarose gel electrophoresis? Gel electrophoresis is a procedure of separation and analysis of macromolecules ( DNA , RNA and proteins ) and their segments, based on their size and charge. It is used in clinical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology for separation of DNA, RNA or protein. Nucleic acids are differentiate by

Nucleotide in short discussion: The main structural unit of DNA is the nucleotide. A nucleotide is made with the combinations of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or Deoxyribose in DNA) linked to a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base. In DNA the bases are Adenine (A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Thymine (T). In RNA the base Thymine (T) is replaced with Uracil (U). Pic: Nucleotide. Photo Credit: freepik. Simply,nucleotides are organic molecules that formed with the combination of nucleotide and a phosphate group. They act as a monomeric units of nucleic acid- RNA and DNA.

General statement about DNA extraction: Juvenile and actively growing fresh leaf tissues were collected for the extraction of genomic DNA. Total genomic DNA was isolated from rice leaves following Phenol: Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol purification and ethanol precipitation method (Rahman at el., 2007). Pic: Photo of DNA.Photo Credit: freepik. Table of Contents What is DNA Extraction? Materials needed. DNA Extraction methods Precaution. What is DNA Extraction? DNA extraction, also known as DNA isolation or DNA purification, is a fundamental laboratory technique used to isolate DNA from biological samples for further analysis in various molecular biology applications. DNA extraction is a crucial step in many areas of research, including genetics, genomics, forensics, biotechnology, and other fields where DNA analysis is required. Materials needed. Reagents: Extracti

Gram Staining procedure- A process of defferentiate Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria: Gram staining procedure is a process of differentiation between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Pic: Gram Staining, Cell wall of both gram negative and gram positive bacteria are made with peptiodoglycan. The peptiodoglycan layer of gram positive bacteria is thicker than gram negative bacteria. As a result when stain with primary stain crystal violet gram positive bacteria can retain dye instead of gram negative bacteria ( gram negative bacteria cannot retain dye after wash with distilled water because its peptiodoglycan layer is thinner than gram positive Bacteria). But, when finally dyed with counter stain Safranin, both gram positive and gram negative bacteria retain stain. Gram positive bacteria show purple and gram negative bacteria show red or pink color after dying with counter stain Safranin. Steps involves in gram staining:

What is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a bio molecule with the characteristics like Self-replicating, mutable, regulate of all biological function and carrier of hereditary information of a living cell. Source: textbook collection of nobleman. Pic: DNA Double helix structure Table of Contents Structural Unit Of DNA. The physical structure of DNA. Characteristics of DNA molecules according to the double helix model provided by Watson-Crick. The chemical structure of DNA. The functions of DNA. Structural Unit Of DNA. The structural unit of Deoxyribonucleic acid is the nucleotide . DNA is a molecular organic acid that is the molecular basis of life. The key component of the eukaryotic cell’s chromosome is DNA. Some viruses contain DNA. It is usually thread-like, but it is circular in shape in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and in chlorop

Bacteria in a brief Bacteria are a group of microscopic single cell organisms with primitive nucleus. The word Bacteria is the plural of Bacterium in the New Latin language. It is the Latin form of Greek Bacterium. Bacterium means stick, rod or cane. Pic: photo image of Bacteria The reason for such naming of bacteria was that the first discovered bacteria were rod-shaped. However, they are spherical, cylindrical or spiral and other various shapes. In 1675, the Dutch scientist Anthony Von Leuven-Hook first observed bacteria under a simple microscope, which was made by him. Its was named small animal by him. For this basis, he was called the father of bacteriology. In 1829, German Scientists Ehrenberg named the bacteria. Bacteria are very small organism. It generally ranges from 0.2 to 5 micrometers. Characteristic of bacteria: Their cells do not have any membrane-like organelles, such as nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic ret

Virus and it's classification The term virus is a word that has become synonymous with the COVID-19 pandemic, but viruses have been around for much longer than that. Viruses are infectious agents that are incredibly small, consisting of genetic material enclosed in a protein coat or capsid. They are not living organisms but can only replicate inside the living cells of other organisms. In this 1000-word SEO article, we will explore what viruses are, how they work, and the different types of viruses that exist. Pic: Viral Classification.PHOTO Credit: freepik. Table of Contents What is a Virus? How do Viruses Spread? Types of Viruses Preventing Viral Infections Conclusion What is a Virus? A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that consists of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, and a protein coat or capsid that protects the genetic material. Some viruses also