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বেসরকারী শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন প্রিলিমিনারি পরীক্ষা নিয়ে কিছু কথা বেসরকারী শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন প্রিলিমিনারি পরীক্ষা মোট ১০০ নম্বরে হয়। যতদূর জানা গেছে ৪৫ নম্বর হল পাশ নম্বর। চারটি বিষয় থেকে ২৫ করে মোট ১০০ নম্বরের প্রশ্ন পত্র। সংক্ষিপ্ত সিলেবাস নিচে দেওয়া হল। বাংলা ভাষারীতি ও বিরাম চিহ্নের ব্যবহার বাগধারা ও বাগবিধি ভুল সংশোধন বা শুদ্ধকরন যথার্থ অনুবাদ সন্ধি বিচ্ছেদ কারক বিভক্তি সমাস ও প্রত্যয় সমার্থক ও বিপরীতার্থক শব্দ বাক্য সংকোচন লিঙ্গ পরিবর্তন ইংরেজি completing sentence Translation from Bengali to English change of parts of speech Right forms of verbs Fill in the blanks with appropriate word Transformation of sentences Synonyms and Antonyms Idioms and Phrases গণিত পাটিগণিতঃ গড়, ল,সা,গু, ঐকিক নিয়ম, শতক

RNA in a brief: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer composed of ribonucleic acid polymers. Some virus’s genetic materials are only RNA. Part of ribonucleotide: Phosphate Ribonucleotide Ribose (Five- Carbon aldose monomer of carbohydrate) Nitrogenous Aromatic Alkaline Base Purine: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Inosine (I, Found in t-RNA) Pyrimidine: Uracil (U) Cytosine (C) Pic: RNA Types of RNA: m-RNA (messenger RNA) r-RNA (Ribosomal RNA) t-RNA (Transfer RNA) Messenger RNA (abbreviated mRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA, responsible for protein synthesis. mRNA is made from a DNA templat

Agarose gel electrophoresis? Gel electrophoresis is a procedure of separation and analysis of macromolecules ( DNA , RNA and proteins ) and their segments, based on their size and charge. It is used in clinical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology for separation of DNA, RNA or protein. Table of Contents What is agarose gel electrophoresis? Which reagents are needed for Agarose gel electrophoresis? Procedure of performing agrose gel electophoresis. Documentation of the DNA samples. Precautions needed to take during test Refarences: What is agarose gel electrophoresis? Gel electrophoresis is a procedure of separation and analysis of macromolecules ( DNA , RNA and proteins ) and their segments, based on their size and charge. It is used in clinical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology for separation of DNA, RNA or protein. Nucleic acids are differentiate by

Nucleotide in short discussion: The main structural unit of DNA is the nucleotide. A nucleotide is made with the combinations of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or Deoxyribose in DNA) linked to a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base. In DNA the bases are Adenine (A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Thymine (T). In RNA the base Thymine (T) is replaced with Uracil (U). Pic: Nucleotide. Photo Credit: freepik. Simply,nucleotides are organic molecules that formed with the combination of nucleotide and a phosphate group. They act as a monomeric units of nucleic acid- RNA and DNA.

General statement about DNA extraction: Juvenile and actively growing fresh leaf tissues were collected for the extraction of genomic DNA. Total genomic DNA was isolated from rice leaves following Phenol: Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol purification and ethanol precipitation method (Rahman at el., 2007). Pic: Photo of DNA.Photo Credit: freepik. Table of Contents What is DNA Extraction? Materials needed. DNA Extraction methods Precaution. What is DNA Extraction? DNA extraction, also known as DNA isolation or DNA purification, is a fundamental laboratory technique used to isolate DNA from biological samples for further analysis in various molecular biology applications. DNA extraction is a crucial step in many areas of research, including genetics, genomics, forensics, biotechnology, and other fields where DNA analysis is required. Materials needed. Reagents: Extracti

World Food Safety Day 2022 Pic: photo about world food safety day Consumption of adequate amounts of safe food is vital to survive life and strengthening good health. Food borne illness are generally infectious or toxic in nature and often invisible to naked eye, caused by microbes like bacteria, viruses, parasites or trace chemical materials entering the body through contaminated food or water. Food safety has a complex role in ensuring that food remain safe at every stage of the food chain- from production to harvest, processing, storing, distribution, all the way to preparation and consumption. The fourth World Food Safety Day (WFSD) will be celebrated on 7 June 2022 to draw attention and inspire action to help prevent, detect and manage foodborne risks, contributing to food security, human health, economic prosperity, agricultural production, market access, tourism and sustainable development. Source: FAO.

Gram Staining procedure- A process of defferentiate Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria: Gram staining procedure is a process of differentiation between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Pic: Gram Staining, Cell wall of both gram negative and gram positive bacteria are made with peptiodoglycan. The peptiodoglycan layer of gram positive bacteria is thicker than gram negative bacteria. As a result when stain with primary stain crystal violet gram positive bacteria can retain dye instead of gram negative bacteria ( gram negative bacteria cannot retain dye after wash with distilled water because its peptiodoglycan layer is thinner than gram positive Bacteria). But, when finally dyed with counter stain Safranin, both gram positive and gram negative bacteria retain stain. Gram positive bacteria show purple and gram negative bacteria show red or pink color after dying with counter stain Safranin. Steps involves in gram staining:

What is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a bio molecule with the characteristics like Self-replicating, mutable, regulate of all biological function and carrier of hereditary information of a living cell. Source: textbook collection of nobleman. Pic: DNA Double helix structure Table of Contents Structural Unit Of DNA. The physical structure of DNA. Characteristics of DNA molecules according to the double helix model provided by Watson-Crick. The chemical structure of DNA. The functions of DNA. Structural Unit Of DNA. The structural unit of Deoxyribonucleic acid is the nucleotide . DNA is a molecular organic acid that is the molecular basis of life. The key component of the eukaryotic cell’s chromosome is DNA. Some viruses contain DNA. It is usually thread-like, but it is circular in shape in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and in chlorop

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Covid-19 is a pandemic: A pandemic disease outbreaks in December 2019, later this is named as Covid-19 or Corona virus. It was declared as pandemic by WHO. Table of Contents What is a pendemic disease? Corona is a pendemic disease declared by WHO: Preventive measure Measure taken By Government What is a pendemic disease? A pandemic disease is an outbreak of an infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population. Pandemic diseases are often caused by novel or mutated pathogens that spread easily from person to person, and they can result in widespread illness, death, and significant social and economic disruptions. Examples of pandemic diseases include the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the influenza pandemics such as the H1N1 influenza pandemic of 2009, and historical pandemics such as the Spani

Immunity in General Discussion: The main way to prevent infection in the human body is to prevent microbes from entering the body. When microbes enter the body through skin, wounds, nose, mouth or any other means, it begins a desperate attempt to save the body from infection.There is a complex body system that prevents or kills microbes from making disease in body. This is called immune system. In which process immune system prevent body from infection or minimize probable infection, is called immunity. Pic: Immunity. Incase of lower immunity, one can take vaxin for boosts up immunity. The study of immunity is called immunology. Immunology is a special branch of medical-biology. The main study of immunology about how to prevent the invasion of microbes or pathogen in human or animal body and how to build up immunity. The study also includes the detection of foreign particle inside body cell.

Bacteria in a brief Bacteria are a group of microscopic single cell organisms with primitive nucleus. The word Bacteria is the plural of Bacterium in the New Latin language. It is the Latin form of Greek Bacterium. Bacterium means stick, rod or cane. Pic: photo image of Bacteria The reason for such naming of bacteria was that the first discovered bacteria were rod-shaped. However, they are spherical, cylindrical or spiral and other various shapes. In 1675, the Dutch scientist Anthony Von Leuven-Hook first observed bacteria under a simple microscope, which was made by him. Its was named small animal by him. For this basis, he was called the father of bacteriology. In 1829, German Scientists Ehrenberg named the bacteria. Bacteria are very small organism. It generally ranges from 0.2 to 5 micrometers. Characteristic of bacteria: Their cells do not have any membrane-like organelles, such as nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic ret

Water Quality Parameters of Bangladeshi Standards and WHO Sl.No. Water Quality Parameters Bangladeshi Standards (mg/L) Who Guide Line Methods/Equipments 1 Aluminium 0.2 - Atomic Absoption Spectrosphotometer (AAS) 2 Ammonia 0.5 UV-VIS 3 Arsenic 0.05 0.01 AAS 4 Barium 0.01 0.7 AAS 5 Benzene 0.01 0.01 Gas Chromatograph 6 BOD 5 Days,20°C 0.2 - 5 days Incubation 7 Boron 1.0 - UV-VIS 8 Cadmium 0.005 0.003 AAS 9 Calcium 75 AAS 10 Chloride 150-600 - Titrimetric 11 Chlorinated Alkenes 11.1 Carbontetrachloride

High blood pressure?consume garlic The number of persons suffering from hypertension is increasing day by day all over the world. A lot of people are affecting by this disease at an early age mainly due to busy lifestyle, extra anxiety and uncontrolled food habits. If you have hypertension, it is necessary to take regular medication to control it. Besides, some changes need to be made in the way of food habit and living. Experts say that there should be some foods in the regular diet that can easily control hypertension. According to the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Regular consumption of garlic can easily control hypertension. One of the elements of garlic is sulfur-rich allicin and diallyl disulfide. Both of those additives play a function in preventing excessive blood pressure. The sulfur in garlic produces nitric oxide in the blood vessels. This will increase the elasticity of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure. Garlic is also b

6 Essential Nutrients and Their Fuction Nutrients are substances that are essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of the human body. They are obtained through the food and beverages we consume, and they provide the energy and building blocks needed for various physiological functions. Table of Contents What is essential nutrient? Six essential nutients with their function What is essential nutrient? An essential nutrient is a nutrient that the body cannot synthesize on its own -- or not to an appropriate amount -- and must be provided by the diet. These nutrients are required for the body to function correctly. The six vital nutrients encompass carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water. Pic: 6 Essential Nutrients, Photo Credit: freepik. Six essential nutients with their function Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the major energy source for the bra

Virus and it's classification The term virus is a word that has become synonymous with the COVID-19 pandemic, but viruses have been around for much longer than that. Viruses are infectious agents that are incredibly small, consisting of genetic material enclosed in a protein coat or capsid. They are not living organisms but can only replicate inside the living cells of other organisms. In this 1000-word SEO article, we will explore what viruses are, how they work, and the different types of viruses that exist. Pic: Viral Classification.PHOTO Credit: freepik. Table of Contents What is a Virus? How do Viruses Spread? Types of Viruses Preventing Viral Infections Conclusion What is a Virus? A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that consists of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, and a protein coat or capsid that protects the genetic material. Some viruses also

Determination of acid value: Deffinition: The acid value is defined as the number of milligrams of Potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free fatty acids present in one gram of fat. It is relative measure of rancidity as free fatty acids are normally formed during decomposition of triglycerides. The value is also expressed as percent of free fatty acids calculated as oleic, lauric, ricinolic and palmitic acids. Table of Content Principle Analytical Importance Procedure Significance of Acid Vaulue Principle: The acid value is determined by directly titration the oil or fat in an alcoholic medium against potassium hydroxide solution. Analytical importance: The value is measure of the amount of fatty acids, which have been liberated by hydrolysis from the glycerides due to the action of moisture, temperature and/ or lipolytic enzyme lipase. Procedure: Mix the oil by heating. Take 10

IELTS কয়েকদিন থেকেই ভাবছি IELTS নিয়ে বাংলায় কিছু লিখব। কিন্তু কোন ভাবেই সময় বের করতে পারছিলাম না । আজ চলে আসলাম আপনাদের মাঝে আইইএলটিএস সম্পর্কে পরিস্কার ভাবে কিছু কথা লিখতে, যাতে করে আপনারা আইইএলটিএস সম্পর্কে সাধারন একটি ধারনা পেতে পারেন। আর এ আলোচনাটি যারা আইইএলটিএস শুরু করতে চাচ্ছেন তাদের জন্য , যারা ইতিমধ্যে আইইএলটিএস সম্পর্কে দক্ষতা অর্জন করেছেন তাদের জন্য নয়। IELTS - International English Language Testing System , কে সংক্ষেপে আইইএলটিএস বলে। ইংরেজি ভাষার দক্ষতা যাচাইয়ের লক্ষ্যে আন্তর্জাতিক স্বীকৃত একটি পরীক্ষা হচ্ছে আইইএলটিএস । ব্রিটিশ কাউন্সিল এবং আইডিপি ( আইইএলটিএস অস্ট্রেলিয়া ও কেমব্রিজ ইংলিশ ল্যাঙ্গুয়েজ অ্যাসেসমেন্ট) যৌথভাবে এটি পরিচালনা করে । তার অর্থ হচ্ছে আইইএলটিএস পরীক্ষা ব্রিটিশ কাউন্সিল অথবা আইডিপি , যে কোন এক প্রতিষ্ঠান থেকে অংশগ্রহণ করলেই হবে। আগে যুক্তরাজ্য এবং অস্ট্রেলিয়াতে পড়াশোনার জন্য আইইএলটিএস অপরিহার্য ছিল। কিন্তু এখন আমেরিকার ও ইউরোপের প্রায় অধিকাংশ দেশেই আইইএলটিএস গ্রহনযোগ্য। এই পরীক্ষায় যে কেউ অংশগ্রহণ করতে পারে । এখানে বয়সের কোন বাধ

Failures and Success together formed life Life is not a bed of roses. It is full of difficulties. There are ups and downs in life. Life means perpetual struggle. We are to fight hard against cruel realities of life. Our attempts always may not be crowded with success. We may fall once and again but we should not lose heart. Gathered should take heart and advance with indomitable spirit and invincible will power. We should not consider failure a curse.We should accept it heartily because failures are not really as bad as they are thought to be. Failure is a curse to those who lack in action and have no determination. It developes our latent powers and strengthens our mind. It teaches a man to be self-determined. Failure makes us conscious of our defects and helps us to rectify ourselves. We can know the reason of our unsuccess from failure Then we can start our work new energy and finish it successfully. So, failure, instead of damping our spirits, paves the way

High-performance liquid chromatography In the reverse phase HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography), the stationary phase is made of non-polar compounds Like C18, C8 type of organic compounds. The mobile phase used is polar, so compounds of high polarity are eluted first while those of low polarity or no polarity are eluted last. The compounds of the mixture travel at different rates due to their relative affinities with the solvent and stationary phase. Compounds with higher affinity towards the stationary phase of the column moves slowly and vice-versa. So each component in the sample interacts slightly differently with the adsorbent materials, causing different flow rates and leading to the separation.